People from the old, secular vocations migration, the Chinese are in every corner of the world, Southeast Asia, the Americas, in Europe. Even the Chinese community in Italy, inconspicuous, quiet, but very active, occupies an important position in the overall picture of foreign settlements and lies in second place among the Asian communities.
From France they went up some Chinese in northern Italy and settled first in Milan and then in other northern cities such as Turin and Bologna. In the thirties and forties this first group of immigrants grew and was strengthened thanks to the good relations existing in that period between Nationalist China and the fascist regime.
The first Chinese settled in Italy were street vendors and workers in the garment, bags and ties, were almost all men, some married Italian women and seek to become Italian in all respects. Regarded as a goal of their careers to become managers of restaurants or open businesses of their own.
In the eighties and nineties have seen a boom in emigration from the province of Zhejiang, the highest peaks were reached in '87 when the amnesty in Italy that has attracted many Chinese who were living without a residence permit in France and Holland . In '95 the approval of certain provisions of the law (Decree 489/95), which provided for the legalization of immigrants, have fostered a further arrival of immigrants in our country, even from other European countries like France and Holland.
In recent decades, the type of migration has been changing, though in the past only men were emigrating today are entire families to move. Nuclei of Chinese immigrants are a bit 'everywhere in Italy, especially in the north to Milan, where an area of concentration is the famous Via Sarpi, fewer nuclei are present in Bologna. In central Italy we have a broader presence in Florence, at various locations in Tuscany, and especially in Prato, where lies the larger nucleus. A community is too significant to be number one in Rome, focused around the famous Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II, in the center and more scattered in small towns in Lazio. Chinese are also present in the south, recently a community in the process of increase is one in Ontario, there are sporadic settlements in Puglia and Sicily.
The new immigrants are young, coming to Italy with higher expectations than their predecessors and show more initiative in groped new careers outside the circuits of the so-called 'ethnic economy' (restaurants, leather goods, clothing).
Among the most obvious features of Chinese communities in Italy there is solidarity and cohesion and a tendency to address and resolve all issues within the group and issues that present themselves to those who reside in foreign lands.
Chinese nationals who arrived in Italy, as demonstrated by studies conducted to date, often have a very low level of education, almost or completely ignore the Italian language and face, totally devoid of appropriate tools, problems relating to their integration the social fabric of the host country.
The complete lack of language skills (often speak only Chinese or dialect of the area of origin) and cultural issues affecting the host country also determines their isolation within the group of belonging and willingness to refer the resolution their problems with the structure of Chinese associations at local and national.
Important initiatives have been promoted by the City of Prato to promote knowledge of Italian language and culture through the organization of language and culture. These initiatives are undoubtedly an essential starting point to allow Chinese citizens to better understand the Italian situation.
Many have also expressed the difficulty of travel in space to solve the problems of national necessities like finding a home, payment of bills, requests for documents, the demand for health care, job search, and all what is essential for living in a civilized community, because of lack of knowledge of the functioning of the reality in which they live, and the lack of knowledge of Italian social life, its institutional structures of public utilities, basic information concerning civic rules, usages and customs of the host country, and especially the rights and duties of immigrants.
Different issues facing the Chinese belong to the second generation, ie those born and raised in Italy, attended Italian schools and begin to lose the use of Chinese language. Many of them are able to speak the dialect of the area from which the parents, but not the official language of China, and especially not in a position to write it. In this regard, are particularly appreciated the initiatives promoted by the city aimed at making the Chinese language and useful to the Chinese to maintain a link with their culture, but also Italians to get closer to the language and Chinese culture.
That of Chinese migration in Italy is a relatively recent phenomenon. Its origins, in fact, go back around the 30s in 1900, although the migration has intensified, especially since the 70s and 80s, following a policy of openness promoted by Deng Xiaoping.
The first sectors of interest to the Chinese entrepreneurs in Italy were those of leather goods and catering industry and then, in the '90s knew a massive development activities related to the import of products made in China, especially clothes, toys and objectivist.
The arrivals of new Chinese migrants continue, in the last two decades, have gradually saturated the market and the competition has become strong. Given this situation, we ask the sinologist Giorgio Trentin who believes is the new frontier of entrepreneurship in China Italy.
Surely the tertiary sector is of greater interest to the Chinese companies. That service, in fact, is an activity that allows a large reflux of capital from Italy that are then reinvested in China. Moreover, it is fair to say that competition has become increasingly fierce, it is equally correct to refer to saturated market: demand, both Italian and European, in fact, remains very high.
Next to the Chinese small and medium entrepreneurs in Italy is growing more and more the formula adopted by large companies of the Empire of half Italian firms in difficulty to detect, forming joint ventures with local firms or by opening branches. Believes that this may be the new challenge of China in our country?
Indeed. There are two areas of impact of the Chinese capital in Italy: the first is that of micro-enterprises, which run on tracks parallel to the main economy, the second is that the big Chinese capital, the capital of heavy industry, channeled and facilitated by the mechanisms of the state. Indeed, although we hear much of China's market socialism, we must not forget that the state continues to play a key role in the Chinese economy.
The presence in our country, large Chinese capital, a phenomenon seems to be much underestimated Italy. It is now more than 10 years since the Cosco (China Ocean Shipping Group Company) founded the Coscos Srl, Italian-Chinese joint venture formed by the merger of the Cosco Europe GmbH in Hamburg and Fratelli Cosulich SpA, Trieste. A few years ago back, however, the acquisition of Benelli by Chinese Qianjiang Group Co Ltd. It is indeed extremely important for the Italian economy, but which, paradoxically, we hear too little.
An analysis of data about the reasons for the issuance of residence permits in Italy shows that a good percentage of Chinese people ask for them to open self-employed, it is a percentage that exceeds that found in other parts of various immigrant origins ethnic. We can explain the reasons for this inclination, all Chinese, to 'self-employment?
It is a combination of two factors. On the one hand there is a component, let's say, genetic engineering, the Chinese have always been a mercantile DNA, which over the centuries has led them to settle along the coasts. Then there are the historical component: since 1978, in fact, open markets to emerge quickly became family enterprises. The economic boom of the 80s and 90s, then pushed the Chinese to see Europe and America as the new land of gold, to which emigrate to secure business success.
We often hear of the inhuman working conditions in which many Chinese in Italy, but it seems that often they do not perceive exploitation as such. It 'true that for many Chinese the relationship you establish with your laoban (master) is seen rather as a relationship of mutual exchange? The Chinese culture perceived as mutual exchange of aid determining, in a sense, the distrust of Chinese immigrants against the Italian social organizations that might provide them with free help?
It 'true, although remember that there is a strong dose of hypocrisy on the part of the Chinese community that often tends to conceal the fact that the worker is illegal arrivals in Italy with a strong debt. The need to free themselves from debt, as well as the need to create enough capital to call other family members, and set up a new business, have put so many Chinese workers to be victims, unaware, of exploitation. Of course, everything happens inside the Chinese community, based on a series of guanxi (relationships) that have a strong influence on the closure of the community, accept help from the Italian community means getting away from the platform of Chinese guanxi and lose the benefits derived from them.
Often small Chinese entrepreneurs in Italy, are regarded with suspicion and considered them unfair competition. But is it not true that the phenomena of exploitation and labor in black (which allow Chinese products to be sold at rock bottom prices so the market) are, in part, stimulated by the same Italian entrepreneurs?
And 'quite true. And 'the ever-increasing Italian demand that fosters these activities.
The presence of the Chinese in Italy must be viewed not so much a problem but rather a challenge and a cultural and economic resource. What could make the Italian institutions to ensure a more respectful and sensitive to the needs of Chinese immigrants?
And 'necessary for the public and cultural institutions are prepared to act as a liaison with these realities. This means that the state should do strength training, focusing on students in both Italian and Chinese on the second and third generation.
Must abandon the crowds that support the need to stop the wave of China (for example, proposing heavy taxes on Chinese goods). The real problem is how to stop them, but how to live with. (FONTI VARIE)
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